Making Best Use of Windows Server 2003

The premise of innovation improvement lies in bettering the more seasoned frameworks and grappling with upgraded works in our data frameworks, etc.â Without the working framework, nonetheless, the data framework innovation would scarcely come to anything.â Hence, the Windows Server 2003 was created as an upgrade to the Windows Server 2000, taking â€Å"the best of Windows 2000 Server innovation and make it simpler to send, oversee, and use.†  â€Å"The result,† as portrayed by Microsoft, is â€Å"a profoundly profitable foundation that helps make your system a key resource for your organization.†Ã¢ The world’s driving organization for working frameworks, when accused of close monopolistic practices in an enemy of trust preliminary, further gave an account of the new expansion to the working framework family that Microsoft keeps on being celebrated for: As of March 28, 2005, all Windows Server 2003 working frameworks transport with Windows Server Service Pack 1 (SP1).  Windows Server 2003 SP1 gives enhancedâ security, expanded dependability, and an improved organization to help enterpriseâ customers over all industries†¦Ã¢ moreover, in December 2005, Standard, Enterprise,â and Datacenter versions of Windows Server 2003 R2 were discharged, offering Active Directory, stockpiling, and branch office upgrades for clients (â€Å"Introducing the Windows,† 2006). Discharged as of late, the Windows Server 2003 has become the discussion of each PC expert today.â One of its key highlights is its upgraded accessibility through improved â€Å"clustering support.†Ã¢ Microsoft reports that â€Å"clustering services† are imperative to exchange, where sources of info and yields, imports and fares must be bunched to ease hierarchical functioning.â Windows Server 2003 takes into account just that.â Besides, it helps in â€Å"scalability,† and not simply â€Å"manageability.†Ã¢ Also as per the producer of the new working framework: Grouping establishment and arrangement is simpler and progressively strong in Windows Server 2003,  while improved system includes in the item give more prominent failover capabilitiesâ and high framework uptime.  The Windows Server 2003 working frameworks underpins serverâ clusters for up to eight hubs.  If one of the hubs in a bunch becomes unavailableâ because of disappointment or upkeep, another hub promptly starts giving service,â a process known as failover.  Windows Server 2003 likewise underpins arrange loadâ balancing (NLB), which adjusts approaching Internet Protocol (IP) traffic across nodesâ in a group (â€Å"Introducing†). Most definitely, it has been affirmed that Windows Server 2003 is intended to make correspondences simpler than previously, not simply between the association and the clients of the working framework, yet in addition between the hierarchical clients of the framework and the clients of the organization.â The R2 Standard Edition of the Windows Server 2003 was made by joint effort between â€Å"third-party equipment and programming partners† of Microsoft (â€Å"Overview of Windows,† 2005). So also, the organization guarantees that there are specialists (Microsoft Certified Consultants) accessible to control individuals through the way toward introducing any of the accompanying: (1) Windows Server 2003, Standard Edition; (2) Windows Server 2003, Enterprise Edition; (3) Windows Server 2003, Datacenter Edition (for most elevated accessibility); and (4) Windows Server 2003, Web Edition (Microsoft Certified Consultants). Seeing as Microsoft’s Windows Server 2003 is focusing on organizations generally, the working framework †genuinely one of its sort †is bundled with sure specialized help and training.â Microsoft’s business is intense, and the wealth of Microsoft specialists in each country on the planet demonstrates that the Windows Server 2003 would make due in firm business. Windows Server 2003 has instructional classes accessible with it (â€Å"Windows Server 2003,† 2007).â What is more, it is Microsoft’s aim to offer a greater amount of its innumerable programming civilities to organizations subsequent to giving the new working framework to a significant number of them for free.â Given that no other working framework organization has hitherto had the option to meet or match the acts of the mammoth (â€Å"near-monopoly†) †the Windows Server 2003 would catch its special market until a further developed working framework, with better accessibility, backing, and preparing, shows up out of Microsoft to substitute and supplement the Server 2003. References Presenting the Windows Server 2003. (2006, January 24). Microsoft. Recovered 26 May 2007, from http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/windowsserver/bb429524.aspx. Review of Windows Server 2003 R2 Standard Edition. (2005, December 6). Microsoft. Recovered 26 May 2007, from Microsoft.com. Microsoft Certified Consultants. Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Help: Consulting, Backing, Troubleshooting.Retrieved 26 May 2007, from http://www.progent.com/microsoft_windows_server_2003.htm. Windows Server 2003. (2007). Symantics. Recovered 26 May 2007, from http://www.systematix.co.uk/mstech/windows-2003-preparing.

Uniformity and Deformity in Harrison Bergeron Essay -- Harrison Berger

Consistency and Deformity in Harrison Bergeron In this exposition, I will endeavor to investigate what Kurt Vonnegut delineated in his short story Harrison Bergeron- - the way that consistency (of any sort) prompts the loss of uniqueness, and subsequently to outright distortion of humanness. It was 2081, and everyone was at last equivalent, the story starts. They weren't just equivalent under the watchful eye of God and the law. They were equivalent in all over. (Vonnegut 1968:7) In this frightful story, Vonnegut presumably needed to caution our general public of comparable sort of fairness, balance that can be deadly for human race. The topic of total balance has just seemed two years before Harrison Bergeron was distributed without precedent for Fantasy and Science-Fiction Magazine (1961). It was Vonnegut's tale The Sirens of Titan. Be that as it may, in this work the subject is just a minor element and isn't generally evolved (see Vonnegut 1975:158). The thought likely fascinated Kurt Vonnegut and constrained him to form it into a short story. The individuals who know about Kurt Vonnegut's composing will unquestionably perceive some different subjects of this story. For instance the dread of de-adaptation of people, being stuck in golden (Harrisons powerlessness to topple the framework, etc. In Harrison Bergeron, Kurt Vonnegut introduced an alarming perspective on a future society, where everybody was equivalent. No one was more brilliant than any other individual. No one was preferred investigating any other person. No one was more grounded or faster than any other individual. (Vonnegut 1988:7). It was the activity of the specialists of the United States Handicapper General to keep it along these lines. Wonderful individuals needed to wear u... ...g speciesism, we can wind up like in the short story by Kilgore Trout Hail to the Chief, where a chimpanzee turned into the President of the United States. The chimpanzee wore a little blue jacket with metal catches, and with the seal of the President of the United States sewed to the front pocket. Wherever he went, groups would play 'Hail to the Chief.' The chimpanzee adored it. He would skip here and there. (Vonnegut 1992:88) References: Sturgeon, Theodore Godbody New York: Vonnegut, Kurt Jr. Breakfast of Champions London: 1992; Cox and Wyman Ltd. Vonnegut, Kurt Jr. God Bless You, Mr. Rosewater New York: 1978; Dell Publishing Vonnegut, Kurt Jr.The Sirens of Titan London: 1975; Coronet Books Vonnegut, Kurt Jr.Welcome to the Monkey House New York: 1988; Bantam Doubleday, Dell Publishing

Book Riots Deals of the Day for August 14th, 2019

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Consumption Of A Well-Balanced Nutritional Breakfast Linked

Consumption of a well-balanced nutritional breakfast linked to improving the quality of attention, alertness, and other dexterities associated with a student’s academic performance is in question. Is it possible that skipping breakfast can impair scholastic achievements among children struggling with hunger? A recent study documented the effects on children who ate breakfast at home or who participated in a School Breakfast Program (SBP) before attending class in contrast to the 30% of the student population who skip eating breakfast. Summarizing the results of 10 studies examining the association of nutritional breakfast consumption, academic performance, obesity, physical activity, and assessing the association between the frequency†¦show more content†¦Therefore, children who eat breakfast regularly tend to weigh less than breakfast skippers. When children skip this meal, the body goes into fasting mode raising the insulin, which then causes the body to store m ore fat and research indicates that childhood obesity may also affect cognition and therefore, academic achievement (Yau, Castro, Tagani, Tsui, Convit, 2012). Consequently, about 20-30% of children skip breakfast in the United States daily (Adolphus et al., 2013) arguments are the lack of time, an absence of hunger, and distaste for breakfast foods (Mullan, Wong, Kothe, O’Moore, Pickles, Sainsbury, 2014). Moreover, researchers have examined several factors related to the relationship between breakfast consumption, quality of food, children’s weight, and the amount of physical activity exerted with achieving positive academic performance. The quality of breakfast in some children’s diets lacked nutritious food choices, and research shows that there are dissimilarities in diets. For example, children (aged 11-14) in North Italy ingest bakery items in contrast to The Netherlands, popular foods such as grains and dairy products while in Cape Town adolescents (age 11-17) ate white bread, chocolate, and potato crisps whereas in the USA and Scotland, ready to eat cereals was the breakfast choice for foodShow MoreRelatedWhat You Eat Affects Your Productivity1704 Words   |  7 Pagesmere basis of maintaining a healthy lifestyle. Sustaining exceptional care for the human body starts with what is consumed into the stomach. Eating healthy will increase productivity tremendously, along with promoting a longer and healthier life, as well as a increasing mood and desire to live in a better shape, the body will receive all the nutrients it needs to advocate a exceeding energy, and an outcome of a regulated and desirable body weight. Like a car the brain needs quality fuel to run efficientlyRead MoreWhat You Eat Affects Your Productivity1702 Words   |  7 Pagesmere basis of maintaining a healthy lifestyle. Sustaining exceptional care for the human body starts with what is consumed into the stomach. Eating healthy will increase productivity tremendously, along with promoting a longer and healthier life, as well as a increasing mood and desire to live in a better shape, the body will receive all the nutrients it needs to advocate a exceeding energy, and an outcome of a regulated and desirable body weight. Like a car the brain needs quality fuel to run efficientlyRead MoreNutrition And Nutrition Essay948 Words   |  4 Pagescrucial to how healthy, we are and how well our body functions; therefore, it is very important to adopt healthy eating habits. Healthy eating habits are essential to create a solid foundation for excellent health. This can be achieved by avoiding and cutting back the excess sugar and processed foods that we eat. All these foods are often low in vital nutrients, high in calories and sugars, and have harmful artificial substances. Consumption of such foods has been linked with a variety of diseases, includingRead MoreMilk Biscuits, Breakfast Biscuits And Dependent Variable Is The High Preference Of Appearance1197 Words   |  5 PagesThe children’s inclination for the appearance or taste of four different brands of chocolate biscuits, breakfast biscuits, and breadsticks is what needs to be investigated. The accomplishment would be to determine the visual a nd taste fondness of three gluten-free commercial products. This study would help nurses during patient teachings to make recommendations of gluten-free products and it would help nurses in the appearance of foods being served to patients. Kildegaard et al. have presentedRead MoreEating Breakfast1197 Words   |  5 PagesImpact Eating Breakfast Has On School Performance Breakfast has been widely known as the â€Å"most important meal of the day.† Most parents and school faculty stress the importance of eating breakfast from a very early age. The first meal of the day not only keeps the metabolism on track, but also wakes the body up by supplying energy and nutrients to the body right when a person wakes up. Why is this important? Building healthy habits at an early age, such as eating breakfast regularly, will not onlyRead MoreBenefits Of Healthy Nutritional Habits1828 Words   |  8 PagesHealthy nutritional habits are emphasized in all educational atmospheres throughout the country, but, ironically, they are highly ignored when developing school meals. It is no secret that American children are offered the wrong variety of nutrients, including sugars, carbohydrates, and fats. This is especially alarming, due to the fact, that in a survey conducted in 2012, nearly 21 million adolescents stated that they were dependent on school lunches as t heir main meal of the day (Perle). ThereforeRead MoreCauses And Consequences Of Death1863 Words   |  8 Pagesaffected by nutritional considerations is strokes. A stroke is an occurrence in which the blood flow to the brain is cut off. This takes away nutrients and oxygen from the brain, causing brain cells to die. A healthy diet can reduce one’s risk for obtaining medical conditions such as hypertension (high blood pressure), diabetes, coronary artery disease and obesity. All of those medical conditions can increase a person’s chance of getting a stroke. A stroke can destroy a person s nutritional health forRead More Processed Food Should or Should not be Banned From School Meals? 2189 Words   |  9 Pagesvitamin B1, because it can destroy the vitamin. In addition, it has been found that it aggravates asthma in children and adults† (para. 7). 2. Artificial Coloring better known as â€Å"FDC yellow#5(tartarzine) and FDC Blue#2 (Indigo carmine). The consumption of these additives is associated with ADHD (attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder), asthma and inflammatory skin conditions† (Mateljan, nd, para. 3). 3. Sugar Substitutes are recognized as artificial sweeteners such as high fructose corn syrupRead MoreExpository Essay About Mcdonalds1696 Words   |  7 PagesExpository Essay: Topic A: Fries for Life The idea of free McDonalds for life is a no brainer, right?! †¦. Wrong! but why? McDonald’s is well known to be the largest fast food retailer in the entire world. It is a global phenomenon which has been the market leader for the past decade or more. There are many reasons for this; it is cheap, fast, reliable and tasty. It is tantalizing on our eyes and our taste buds. The very colors that McDonald’s use on its packaging and in marketing are there to elicitRead MoreUnit 21 Task 26958 Words   |  28 Pagesdetermine nutritional health including dietary reference values (DRV), what a balanced diet is and how to maintain this, what BMI is and how to calculate it, the eat well plate, I will explain possible influences on dietary intake, assess how these influences may affect the nutritional health of individuals and I will also make realistic recommendations for minimising the impact of negative influences on individuals in a specific health and social care setting. SECTION ONE: NUTRITIONAL HEALTH Nutrition

The Cheater s Guide For Love By Junot Diaz - 997 Words

Have you ever wondered how someone can go from their lowest point in life, struggle and face their demons and end up back on top? If you have, then you should read, The Cheater’s Guide to Love, by Junot Diaz. In his story, The Cheater’s Guide to Love, Diaz covers the journey of Yunior of finding and losing love and the ups and downs along the way. This journey is chronicled by year, starting at year â€Å"0† the breakup and ending in year â€Å"5† where he starts to write his story. Throughout the story Yunior is faced with internal and external conflicts, including his downfall and rise towards the end. Diaz also covers the effect of these conflicts not only on Yunior but those surrounding him. Diaz provide many different perspectives to these conflicts, and offers a way for the reader to connect and interpret the material in a unique way. Each conflict is shown to be a significant factor in the development of Yunior’s character and a guide t o his journey and actions throughout the story. Diaz’s use of conflicts in the story The Cheater’s Guide to Love are significantly to the development of the story s theme and that of the main character Yunior. Diaz uses the internal conflicts of Yunior to show the effects on his life and that of others, these internal conflicts are often illuminated by external conflicts, such as the action of others. Throughout the story, The Cheater’s Guide to Love, author Diaz chronicles the main character’s finding and losing love and the ups andShow MoreRelatedThe Cheater s Guide For Love By Junot Diaz895 Words   |  4 PagesIn â€Å"The Cheater’s Guide to Love†, Junot Dà ­az presents a story about love that goes sour after the primary character, Yunior’s infidelity is discovered. But beyond just an emotionally bleak story, Dà ­az also uses the background of a love story gone bad to explore issues of race through Yunior’s narrative style, second-person point of view, and the characterization of the various women Yunior meets. One of Dà ­az’s greatest gifts in storytelling is the intimacy of his voice through the use of second-person

The Man of Destiny Free Essays

The story under the title â€Å"The Fun They Had† was written by a highly prolific American writer, one of the three grand masters of science fiction – Isaac Asimov. The theme is probably â€Å"the influence of technology on the process of teaching. † The story is kind of utopian story, but from the perspective of the children who are the main characters of the story, it is a dystopia, since they thought there was so much more fun back in the days when there were classrooms†¦ but the whole story circles around the theme of technology and how children in this version of the future and how children today interact with that. We will write a custom essay sample on The Man of Destiny or any similar topic only for you Order Now The key in this text is lyrical, and the narration here is interwinding with the direct speech and the dialogues. To prove that the mood is lyrical let’s look at the descriptions of one of the main character’s feelings related to her mechanical teacher. The author uses colloquial speech and jargonized words, such as â€Å"gee, I guess, I betchaâ€Å" here, to show us that these children are rather ordinary, and looks similar as the children of our age. The text could be divided into three logical parts. The first part of the story begins with the description of two kids who found a real book. It was a little discovery, the girl â€Å"even wrote about it that night in her diary† It should be noted that all the events of the story take place in the future, in the year 2155, that’s why a mere book from the past seems quite an interesting object for exploration. And, our heroes, Tommy (13) with Margie (11) read the book, thinking of those who used it many centuries ago. The author uses in this story such feature as pointing out the words by using the italic font. He emphasizes the words, to make us feel deeper and pay extra attention to the very phrase. Margie’s grandfather once said that when he was a little boy  his  grandfather told him that there was a time when all stories were printed on paper† as we read this â€Å"the†, we understand that from the point of view of these children it was very-very long ago. From the dialogue of the children we see that they relationship is a friendship. Of course, the author could not avoid from inv enting new terms, such as â€Å"telebook†. The second part begins with the picture of the teaching process in the far 2157. From the very beginning of the part, we see the Margie’s feelings to the schooling process. Her attitude to the mechanical teacher leaves much to be desired. Reading the story we come across the problem, tackled by the author. It is a low knowledge level of children, and their uneagerness to study. To prove it we should mention the fact when the County Inspector slowed up Margie’s mechanical teacher to an average ten-year level. The girl was 11, but she couldn’t or didn’t want to cover her own age level, â€Å"she had been doing worse and worse†. And how strong was her hatred towards school! She hoped her teacher wouldn’t be back, that â€Å"large and black and ugly† teacher! â€Å"The part she hated most was the slot where she had to put homework and test papers. † – This sentence indicates at her being a usual girl with a usual nature, while this is the exact thing commonly disliked at schools. The third part of the text is the speculation of these children about the teaching process â€Å"Centuries ago†. They argue whether the live teacher better than the mechanical one, or not; could the living one be smarter than the machine etc. The narrator lets us see the criticism of this young girl, she could not believe that the human can teach as good as the machine. The key in this part is rather emotional, we can see this in the dialogue of our story-heroes. The author uses such colloquies as â€Å"sure  he is, I betcha†; and again points out the admiration of Tom – â€Å"a regular teacher† This story, written by I. Asimov makes the reader to think about the teaching process nowadays. If we remember that it was written in the middle of the 20th century, we can say that the details in this story are well chosen. I think that it has a certain purpose – to warn the reader about the possible future problems, because the era of Internet and wide spread of the computers has certain impact on our generation. Of course the mechanical, or computer teachers is the ideal solution for breeding the very clever people, the caste of self-made people, but from the other point of view, these people wouldn’t be so social, and would expect certain problems in communication with other â€Å"ordinary† people. So, it is for us to decide, which way of education is better. How to cite The Man of Destiny, Papers

Jeremy Bentham Criminal Justice free essay sample

Jeremy Benthams Influence on the Criminal Justice System: Past and Present The delivery of punishment has changed significantly over the centuries. Up until the 19th century in England, imprisonment was not regarded as a punishment, it was merely used while the offender waited to be sentenced to their real punishment (Bull, 2010; Hirst, 1998). Corporal punishment such as flogging, branding and mutilation, death by hanging, and transportation to other continents such as America and Australia were common punitive measures through the ages, until well into the 1800s (Newburn, 2003). Although these extreme penalties are no longer acceptable or practised by criminal courts in England or Australia, in some ways, the past has shaped delivery of sanction at present. In fact, Australia was founded with Britains intention to send their worst criminal there Oackson, 1998). Theorist Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) was particularly influential to the cessation of the controversial tactic of transportation to Australia, and catalysed the beginning of the modern day prison systems (Bull, 2010). We will write a custom essay sample on Jeremy Bentham Criminal Justice or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Bentham was a philosopher who rigorously opposed the transportation of convicts to other continents (Bentham, 1789). He had strong ideals relating to criminals and the best way for them to be punished. Forming the criminological theory of Utilitarianism, Bentham argued that incapacitation, rehabilitation and deterrence were the three pillars essential to fghting crime (Hopkins Burke, 2011). In the course of this essay, Benthams philosophy on punishment and the reasons why he opposed transportation will be discussed. Furthermore, an examination of Benthams specific contribution to the end of transportation and the continued influence his ideas have had on shaping our contemporary punishment practises will be conducted. Benthams understanding of crime and criminals was simple. His perspective classed people as rational beings, whose behaviour is influenced by their perceived pleasure and pain (Brunon-Ernst, 2012). If the perceived pleasure, or positive outcome (for example the thrill of stealing, the acquisition of money) of an action outweighs the perceived pain or displeasure of the consequences (punishment, risk of injury), the person may be inclined to do it (Brunon-Ernst, 2012). In other words, a person may be tempted to commit a crime if there not a strong enough deterrent in place. Hence, Benthams solution to crime control was to address this pleasure/pain response by imposing strict penalties proportional to the seriousness of the crime committed to discourage people from offending (Von Hirsch, 1992). Although he did not support the death penalty, punishment for committing crime was considered by Bentham as the lesser of two evils, necessary for the health of society and the duty of the government to impose (Bull, 2010; Hudson, 2003). Punishment, for Bentham, was a way to ensure the greatest happiness for the greatest number (Rosen, 2003, p 221). Bentham rgued that prevention, both general and specific, is paramount in controlling crime. The imprisonment of the offender serves the purpose of specific prevention. Specific prevention involves three tiers: incapacitation, reform/rehabilitation and deterrence (Hopkins Burke, 2011). Firstly, incapacitation is achieved by physically removing an offender from society, rendering them unable to reoffend (specifically, by placing them in prison). Secondly, rehabilitation seeks to take away t e esire o ottend teaching the offender that any wrongdoing against society will certainly result in real unishment (Bentham suggested strenuous and repetitive labour and solitary confinement). Finally, and most importantly, deterrence is reached by making the offender afraid to reoffend because of the inevitable consequences of the action (namely, returning to the conditions of prison [Von Hirsch, 1998]). Additionally, Bentham conceded that the prison ought to be open for the public to observe as a means of general prevention (Hopkins Burke, 2011). Prisoners would be made an example of in order to deter potential offenders from committing the same crimes: it ould be known to all that if one were to commit a crime, they would endure to the same fate. Transportation did not align with Benthams perspective regarding the solution to crime (Rosen, 2003). He argued that sending offenders toa far away place would not deter anyone from offending or reoffending. In short, Australia contained an uncertain fate for those sentenced to transportation (Bull, 2010). If and when the offender survived the long and treacherous Journey across the ocean from England to Australia, they were awarded far more freedom and independence than Bentham thought they deserved. Bentham argued that offenders would not be deterred from committing crime if the consequences were not strict, certain and undesirable (Bull, 2010). Furthermore, the lack of public exposure of the consequences of crime failed to meet Benthams guidelines for general prevention, if they were to be implemented overseas. Overall, Bentham considered transportation as a punishment to be markedly inferior to imprisonment Oackson, 1998). Instead, he recommended that offenders be kept under surveillance in a prison which he designed, called the panopticon Oackson, 1998). Brunon-Ernst (2012, p. ) described the panopticon as a circular building with a central tower from which an inspector can see the inmates at all times without being seen. With this design, inmates would not know when they were being watched, therefore, it would encourage them to behave at all times (Rosen, 2003). Bentham used Englands previous history of transporting convicts to America as a platform to argue against penal transportation to Australia (Bull, 2010). After gaining independence following the Revolution in the 1770s, America refused to accept any more convicts from England (Maxwell-Stewart, 2010). England was required to find another penal solution, and considered New South Wales, Australia, to be the perfect location. It was at this time that Bentham urged the government to follow his suggestion to build the panopticon instead (Semple, 1993). However, despite the support Bentham received for his ideas, transportation did not cease during his lifetime, with the final convicts landing in Australia in 1870 (Maxwell- Stewart, 2010). Nevertheless, it was Benthams ideas and his theory of utility which lead the reform to stop the transportation era (Bull, 2010). The lasting effects of he utilitarian theory can still be observed in the criminal Justice arena today (White, Haines Asquith, 2012). Utilitarianism laid the foundations for the classical movement which drastically influenced modern day penal processes and criminological thought. Classical theory closely resembles the theory of utility: free will and choice are a major contributors to the commission of crime (presently reflected by the notion of mens rea [the guilty mind]); criminals must be punished; sanction ought to act as a deterrent; and the prevention of crime is more important than than punishment (Vold Bernard, 1985; Von Hirsch, 1998). Concurrent with Benthams ideals, proportionality is reflected in present day criminal sanctions in order to have the most effect. A modern day example of this includes the Just deserts approach to sentencing, which proposes a few simple principles (as outlined by White, Haines Asquith, 2012): no one, other than the person found guilty of a crime, should be punished for that crime; a person found guilty of a crime must be punished for it; punishment must be proportional to the seriousness of the crime (no more, and no less serious than the crime itself). The Just deserts approach intends to provide structure and consistency to the sentencing process, consequently, it is employed by criminal Justice systems all over the Western world, including Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom and the United States (White, Haines Asquith, 2012). In summary, Jeremy Bentham had a profound effect on the criminal Justice system as we know it. Leading the reform which stopped the transportation of British criminals to Australia in the 19th century, Bentham also campaigned for long term incarceration to replace capital punishment. Jeremy Bentham Criminal Justice free essay sample The delivery of punishment has changed significantly over the centuries. Up until the 19th century in England, imprisonment was not regarded as a punishment, it was merely used while the offender waited to be sentenced to their ‘real’ punishment (Bull, 2010; Hirst, 1998). Corporal punishment such as flogging, branding and mutilation, death by hanging, and transportation to other continents such as America and Australia were common punitive measures through the ages, until well into the 1800’s (Newburn, 2003). Although these extreme penalties are no longer acceptable or practised by criminal courts in England or Australia, in some ways, the past has shaped delivery of sanction at present. In fact, Australia was founded with Britain’s intention to send their worst criminal there (Jackson, 1998). Theorist Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) was particularly influential to the cessation of the controversial tactic of transportation to Australia, and catalysed the beginning of the modern day prison systems (Bull, 2010). Bentham was a philosopher who rigorously opposed the transportation of convicts to other continents (Bentham, 1789). We will write a custom essay sample on Jeremy Bentham Criminal Justice or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He had strong ideals relating to criminals and the best way for them to be punished. Forming the criminological theory of Utilitarianism, Bentham argued that incapacitation, rehabilitation and deterrence were the three pillars essential to fighting crime (Hopkins Burke, 2011). In the course of this essay, Bentham’s philosophy on punishment and the reasons why he opposed transportation will be discussed. Furthermore, an examination of Bentham’s specific contribution to the end of transportation and the continued influence his ideas have had on shaping our contemporary punishment practises will be conducted. Bentham’s understanding of crime and criminals was simple. His perspective classed people as rational beings, whose behaviour is influenced by their perceived pleasure and pain (Brunon-Ernst, 2012). If the perceived pleasure, or positive outcome (for example the thrill of stealing, the acquisition of money) of an action outweighs the perceived pain or displeasure of the consequences (punishment, risk of injury), the person may be inclined to do it (Brunon-Ernst, 2012). In other words, a person may be tempted to commit a crime if there not a strong enough deterrent in place. Hence, Bentham’s solution to crime control was to address this pleasure/pain response by imposing strict penalties proportional to the seriousness of the crime committed to discourage people from offending (Von Hirsch, 1992). Although he did not support the death penalty, punishment for committing crime was considered by Bentham as the lesser of two evils, necessary for the health of society and the duty of the government to impose (Bull, 2010; Hudson, 2003). Punishment, for Bentham, was a way to ensure â€Å"the greatest happiness for the greatest number† (Rosen, 2003, p 221). Bentham argued that prevention, both general and specific, is paramount in controlling crime. The imprisonment of the offender serves the purpose of specific prevention. Specific prevention involves three tiers: incapacitation, reform/rehabilitation and deterrence (Hopkins Burke, 2011). Firstly, incapacitation is achieved by physically removing an offender from society, rendering them unable to reoffend (specifically, by placing them in prison). Secondly, rehabilitation seeks to take away the desire to offend, by teaching the offender that any wrongdoing against society will certainly result in real punishment (Bentham suggested strenuous and repetitive labour and solitary confinement). Finally, and most importantly, deterrence is reached by making the offender afraid to reoffend because of the inevitable consequences of the action (namely, returning to the conditions of prison [Von Hirsch, 1998]). Additionally, Bentham conceded that the prison ought to be open for the public to observe as a means of general prevention (Hopkins Burke, 2011). Prisoners would be made an example of in order to deter potential offenders from committing the same crimes: it would be known to all that if one were to commit a crime, they would endure to the same fate. Transportation did not align with Bentham’s perspective regarding the solution to crime (Rosen, 2003). He argued that sending offenders to a far away place would not deter anyone from offending or reoffending. In short, Australia contained an uncertain fate for those sentenced to transportation (Bull, 2010). If and when the offender survived the long and treacherous journey across the ocean from England to Australia, they were awarded far more freedom and independence than Bentham thought they deserved. Bentham argued that offenders would not be deterred from committing crime if the consequences were not strict, certain and undesirable (Bull, 2010). Furthermore, the lack of public exposure of the consequences of crime failed to meet Bentham’s guidelines for general prevention, if they were to be implemented overseas. Overall, Bentham considered transportation as a punishment to be markedly inferior to imprisonment (Jackson, 1998). Instead, he recommended that offenders be kept under surveillance in a prison which he designed, called the panopticon (Jackson, 1998). Brunon-Ernst (2012, p. 8) described the panopticon as â€Å"a circular building with a central tower from which an inspector can see the inmates at all times without being seen†. With this design, inmates would not know when they were being watched, therefore, it would encourage them to behave at all times (Rosen, 2003). Bentham used England’s previous history of transporting convicts to America as a platform to argue against penal transportation to Australia (Bull, 2010). After gaining independence following the Revolution in the 1770’s, America refused to accept any more convicts from England (Maxwell-Stewart, 2010). England was required to find another penal solution, and considered New South Wales, Australia, to be the perfect location. It was at this time that Bentham urged the government to follow his suggestion to build the panopticon instead (Semple, 1993). However, despite the support Bentham received for his ideas, transportation did not cease during his lifetime, with the final convicts landing in Australia in 1870 (Maxwell-Stewart, 2010). Nevertheless, it was Bentham’s ideas and his theory of utility which lead the reform to stop the transportation era (Bull, 2010). The lasting effects of the utilitarian theory can still be observed in the criminal justice arena today (White, Haines Asquith, 2012). Utilitarianism laid the foundations for the classical movement which drastically influenced modern day penal processes and criminological thought. Classical theory closely resembles the theory of utility: free will and choice are a major contributors to the commission of crime (presently reflected by the notion of mens rea [the guilty mind]); criminals must be punished; sanction ought to act as a deterrent; and the prevention of crime is more important than than punishment (Vold Bernard, 1985; Von Hirsch, 1998). Concurrent with Bentham’s ideals, proportionality is reflected in present day criminal sanctions in order to have the most effect. A modern day example of this includes the ‘just deserts’ approach to sentencing, which proposes a few simple principles (as outlined by White, Haines Asquith, 2012): no one, other than the person found guilty of a crime, should be punished for that crime; a person found guilty of a crime must be punished for it; punishment must be proportional to the seriousness of the crime (no more, and no less serious than the crime itself). The ‘just deserts’ approach intends to provide structure and consistency to the sentencing process, consequently, it is employed by criminal justice systems all over the Western world, including Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom and the United States (White, Haines Asquith, 2012). In summary, Jeremy Bentham had a profound effect on the criminal justice system as we know it. Leading the reform which stopped the transportation of British criminals to Australia in the 19th century, Bentham also campaigned for long term incarceration to replace capital punishment. He argued that in order to satisfactorily deter an individual from committing or recommitting an offense, the consequences of such actions must be publicly known and inevitable. His theory of utility was a preamble to the now commonly referred to classical theory, which has given rise to many of the judicial processes in effect today.